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"Our ultimate goal is to revolutionize catalysis, making it more accessible, efficient and environmentally friendly," said Halas, who is a University Professor, Rice's highest academic rank.

During the 2021-22 academic year, male full professors earned $153,238 on average — about 10%, or $13,900, more than women of the same academic rank.

The study team surveyed authors who published research from 2008 to 2017, asking about their manuscript submission experiences and academic rank.

That gap shrunk—but did not disappear—in follow-up studies that accounted for such factors as an applicant’s publication history, prior funding, age, academic rank, and how much research takes place at their institution.

Most promising are the changes at San Francisco’s Lowell High School, which will admit students via random lottery, and at Boston’s exam schools, which will admit students based on academic rank within their Zip code, ensuring that the schools will draw from the city at large, not just privileged neighborhoods.