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The sponge was tested in four aqueous environments: irrigation water, pond water, lake water and seawater.

Choi set out to find an additive that enhances bromide aqueous flow battery performance.

This material features amines that capture the CO2; next-generation variants are being tested as alternatives to aqueous amines for CO2 capture in pilot-scale plants, and as a way to capture CO2 directly from ambient air.

“The fate of these chemicals in an aqueous environment is relevant for both fields,” Khodayari said.

In some of the aqueous works, for example, she considers what happens in forced water crossings and what is lost beneath the water.