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Pakistan retaliated further by suspending the 1972 Simla agreement in which both countries had promised to resolve their disputes by peaceful means through bilateral negotiations.

Reports that North Korean soldiers had been deployed emerged in October, following the deepening of bilateral ties between Kim and Putin.

The country has benefited from maintaining strong bilateral ties to both China and the U.S., its two largest trading partners, even as the rivalry between the two superpowers has intensified.

He says that raising "bilateral barriers" on commodities mostly just affects "who sells to whom", and not financial gains for the sellers - as the prices are set globally.

The conference also covered political stability, security, and other areas of bilateral cooperation.