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But if its appeal to C.A.S. fails, and the Swiss Supreme Court, beyond that, rules against City, what happens then?

That brings with it a risk, of course: appealing to C.A.S. may well result in details of the breaches — and misdirection — City is said to have committed becoming public.

“The C.A.S. decision gives the I.A.A.F. the ability do whatever the hell they want, and if that’s the message, then other sports and federations can feel comfortable they can act,” Pielke said.

Yet C.A.S., siding with the World Anti-Doping Agency, which had appealed the shortened ban, still ruled that Guerrero bore “some fault or negligence, even if it was not significant,” as justification for extending his suspension.

On Thursday, the Court of Arbitration for Sport, or C.A.S., ruled that Krushelnytsky was guilty of doping and disqualified him from the Games, stripping the bronze medals he and his wife had won in the mixed curling event.