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The system can be adapted to detect other similar contaminants in water, including cadmium, copper, lithium, barium, cesium, and radium, Ranno says.

Laser light inside the sensors with certain light frequencies passes through a small glass container with cesium gas.

Using the proposed method, larger alkali metal ions such as cesium could be incorporated into the perovskite structure, leading to ferroelectrics with desirable dielectric properties.

Because a vanadium peroxide molecule is negatively charged, it needed alkali cations for charge balance, Nyman said, and the researchers used potassium, rubidium and cesium alkali cations for this study.

But the scientists' analyses were not yet complete; they also had to check for stabilization of the lithium metal anode with the cesium nitrate additive.