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He added: “That perception is completely mistaken. In chaordic organizations, it must be stood on its head, as it should in all organizations.”

But, he conceded to Fast Company magazine in 1996, Visa implemented only about 25 percent of what he called his “chaordic” concept of management — a balance of chaos and order.

Mr. Hock resigned from Visa in 1984 to become a rancher, but eight years later he began consulting organizations about his chaordic ideas.