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"This study will lead to the elucidation of the process of 'allostericity-based acquisition of function and cooperativity' in RNA evolution. The RNA-RNA interactions, RNA-amino acid interactions, and allostericity applied in this research can guide the fabrication of arbitrary RNA nanostructures, with various applications," concludes Prof. Tamura.

The researchers likened a political science macroscopic concept, known as the "collective action" barrier, with the chemical property of cooperativity, which accelerates microscopic molecular transformations from one chemical state to another.

They found that only Ancα and Ancβ — when expressed together at high concentrations — show similar oxygen-binding affinity, cooperativity and allosteric regulation to today’s haemoglobin protein.

To safeguard the scientific enterprise, cooperativity and humility need to instead become central virtues of science.

“And we have to think of strategies that disrupt this cooperativity and clustering of viruses.”