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In another survey in 2014 Dr. MacDonald and his team found millions of artifacts on the cliff, including arrow and spear points, along with billions of pieces of debitage, the stone flakes that remain after crafting points.

Near the planned eastern portal of the tunnel, the archeologists discovered large amounts of debitage – waste material from the manufacture of flint tools – and ditches that may date to the iron age and could be associated with Vespasian’s Camp, a hillfort to the south.

They’d also found six chunks of fossilized hyena dung, as well as “��é�����ٲ�����,” distinctive shards of flint left over when Neanderthals shattered larger pieces to make axes.