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The app trains them to recognise whether the fornix is the correct shape on a scan.

The surgeons had targeted the fornix—a bundle of nerve fibers that carries information from the brain’s memory hub.

The fornix, a C-shaped bundle of nerves, was similarly deteriorated, stripped of its relative heft.

The fornix, which also contributes to memory function, had atrophied.

Stimulation of the fornix also changed protein expression in animal models, which suggests that the development of non-invasive brain-stimulation strategies could be a scalable and safe route to restoring cellular health and network function145.