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"Our research highlights the dynamic interplay between hydrology, geochemistry and microbiology at the groundwater-surface water interface of acid mine drainage streams," Hoagland said.

The team also examined sediment structures, mineralogy, diatoms and geochemistry to characterize the depositional record.

Methane detected on their surfaces has the tell-tale signs of warm or even hot geochemistry in their rocky cores, which is markedly different than the signature of methane from a comet.

Formulated on the basis of Venusian atmospheric chemistry, the team synthesized several iron-bearing sulfate minerals in an aqueous geochemistry laboratory in the Department of Earth Sciences.

He combines geochemistry with the fossil record to try to understand the Earth's climate history.