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"This proved conclusive: the microrobots preferentially navigated the branches of the hepatic artery which were targeted by the algorithm and reached their destination."

The new models offered a peek at the underlying pathology, illuminating the roles of hepatic stellate and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells in the disease process.

They also showed how Netrin-1 activates hepatic stellate cells, which are involved in liver fibrosis, a serious chronic disease, priming the liver as a host for cancer.

Because they are cut off from their environment, the original Kupffer cells no longer act like hepatic immune cells.

Her companion and only immediate survivor, James McCullar, said the cause was complications of hepatic cirrhosis.