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Staton had previously ruled Girardi had some cognitive impairment but was competent to stand trial and even showed signs of malingering, or exaggerating, his dementia symptoms.

The experts spent hours with Girardi, interviewing him and conducting tests that can identify mental deficits and in some cases malingering, feigning or exaggerating illness.

Detecting that someone is malingering is not an exact science.

Goldstein, who did not return a message seeking comment, practices in Chicago and has lectured on the topic of malingering, according to a resume posted online.

Department of Behavioral Health, wrote in a report that she believed Trotman was “malingering” his mental illness, when he was actually well enough to understand the legal proceedings in his case, a prosecutor asserted.