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“The overtime was a mixture of mandatory overtime ... and voluntary in order to do my part in assuring that resources stayed open to serve the city,” he said in an email.

In evidence to the inquiry, a government minister said there were no plans to make cash acceptance mandatory.

He called for a change in the law to allow for mandatory paternity testing before a birth is registered.

There will also be restrictions on foreign offenders living in the community, including mandatory electronic tags, strict night-time curfews and enforced exclusion zones.

Stephen Shortell, a professor emeritus of health policy and management at UC Berkeley, said “some of that increase might occur, but at some point, it might need to be made mandatory.”