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Osteoclasts arise from the differentiation of macrophages or monocytes, which are types of immune cells.

This meant studying lncRNAs in a type of white blood cell known as a monocyte.

Zarif and his colleagues previously demonstrated that macrophage precursor cells called monocytes will develop into immune-activating macrophages if they are grown in a laboratory setting without glutamine.

In fact, when they depleted specific subpopulations of these types of monocytes from circulating blood of mice after vaccination, the maintenance of LN expansion, and timing of the T cell response to vaccination, was altered.

"In this study, we have defined population-specific differences in how blood monocytes respond, which contribute to the higher rates of perianal fistulous complications in African American patients with Crohn's disease."