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Then came the court’s invalidation of the National Recovery Administration, through which the government had tried to regiment competition throughout the economy to help dig the country out of the Depression.

Reputable scholars tell us that while some of Roosevelt’s programs, like the National Recovery Administration, were clearly failures, he stabilized the economy enough to prevent a potential fascist takeover of government.

The law was motivated by a belief among key early New Dealers that the economy suffered from an excessive amount of “savage and wolfish competition” between businesses, as Hugh Johnson, the first leader of the National Recovery Administration, the new agency created under the law, put it.

But overall, the National Recovery Administration, represented by its ubiquitous logo of a blue eagle, flopped more than it flew.

He cited as one example "a bill protecting voting rights for southern Black voters" that was defeated by filibuster in 1891, and a legendary 1935 filibuster by Huey Long of Louisiana, who spoke for more than 15 hours to stop Franklin D. Roosevelt from removing a provision that would require Senate approval of senior employees in the National Recovery Administration.