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The electrons in that beam slammed into the target's protons, exciting its internal quarks until the proton began to ring like a bell with nucleon resonance.

Much of the power to smash nucleons, therefore, comes from splitting nuclei.

The strong nuclear interaction that binds nucleons together in an atomic nucleus is essentially the same between protons and neutrons.

The resulting data were used to investigate the interactions that occur between nucleons separated by very small distances, and to show that current models of nucleon–nucleon interactions might be valid at these short distances.

‘Doubly magic’ nuclei have fully occupied shells of protons and neutrons, the subatomic particles known generically as nucleons.