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"Was General de Gaulle more brave than Marshal ��é�ٲ����� in the occupied zone? This isn't sure. It was much easier to resist in London than to resist in France," he said.

During a spell in 1965 as campaign manager for far-right presidential candidate Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour, Le Pen defended the war-time government of Marshal ��é�ٲ�����, who supported the occupying Nazi German forces.

That evening, General Philippe ��é�ٲ����� arrived to assume command of the French forces.

��é�ٲ����� reorganized the French defenses and took personal command of the artillery; now the Germans became the target of fierce bombardments as they clung to their frontline positions or tried to advance.

As casualties mounted, ��é�ٲ����� did his best to spare his troops by rotating them in and out of the battle zone.