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“We expected Italy to be a climate refugium, but there’s a sharp and complete turnover—it’s a big surprise,” Posth says.

“It’s interesting to think about whether sub-Saharan African foragers were mapping onto a kind of refugium model.”

“It’s populated with the right kind of prey for these cats and given its elevation and its latitude, it might provide an important climate refugium for the species in the future.”

The fact that these two animals lived near each other, geographically and chronologically, suggests that this region of Japan was a "refugium," or an area where animals can survive in times when conditions are unfavorable.

The Siberian Arctic zone, a region above latitude 66 degrees North that lies north and west of western Beringia, has only recently emerged as another plausible candidate for a refugium during the LGM and thus a place where people from the Ancient East Asian and Ancient North Siberian groups might have come together.