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The federal prosecutor's office in Karlsruhe said Fitzek was arrested along with three other suspected ringleaders of the group, which it classified as a criminal organisation.

The alleged ringleader, Aomar Ait Khedache, 68, was questioned last week but is deaf and mute and had to write his answers down with a pen and paper which were projected on to a screen.

On Monday, the ringleader Orlin Roussev was jailed for 10 years and eight months for the charge of conspiracy to spy.

The ringleader, boxing coach Davante James, flaunted his wealth and luxury holidays on social media.

In a post on X, the Columbia Jewish Alumni Association celebrated Mr Khalil's arrest, calling him the "ringleader of chaos" at the university.