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The Australian subs are intended to complement U.S. and British sea power in Asia and serve as a deterrent to China’s fast-growing navy.

Tokyo’s new strategy focuses on air and sea power to meet China’s maritime ambitions and defend the open trading system that has helped Japan become the world’s third-largest economy.

Boarding ships on the high seas is a perfectly legal if little-used tool available to any sea power as part of the collective effort to protect the oceans’ threatened fish stocks.

A convoy would require significant air, land and sea power, he says, and would be politically complicated.

Ukraine began developing the Neptune missile in 2013 as a deterrent against Russian sea power off its southeastern coast.