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Zhang performed infrared spectroscopy, revealing that nickel was typically isolated and bound by two silicon atoms in the zeolite framework.

They employed advanced metallurgical analysis techniques, including scanning transmission electron microscopy coupled with electron energy loss spectroscopy, to investigate the composition and microstructure of the protective oxide layers formed on the alloy surfaces.

"Several features in the data are also still unidentified, warranting additional spectroscopy to interpret our observations fully."

Using methods such as hydrogen production measurements and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, the team gathered a more detailed understanding of how HydF works and, in particular, the role of specific amino acids.

Light measurement devices called optical frequency combs have revolutionized metrology, spectroscopy, atomic clocks, and other applications.